Appropriateness of Physical Punishment in Child-Raising Practices

Appropriateness of Physical Punishment in Child-Raising Practices Our life will become much better if we eliminate physical punishment of children completely. If is one of the practices, which no modern parent must resort to, as it doesn’t bring any good at all – neither to them, nor to their children. Unfortunately, not everyone understands it. Let us consider why some parents still consider this measure appropriate and what drives them to beat their children and make them miserable. Human beings can be very cruel, which is clear for everyone. They can be aggressive in their surrounding and with their equals – it is only their decision, and I don’t judge them. But those who are desperate to prove that they are strong and better than someone else, applying physical strength where intellect and self-improvement techniques must be used, I consider them just pathetic. Such people hurt those who cannot answer them – weaker people, animals and, what is the worst, their children. In the first two cases their behavior can be frowned upon and greatly disapproved, but still can be understood from psychological point of view. But the latter case – I just don’t understand. Giving life to people is what we live for. When our children are born, they need so much attention and consideration. Now there are so many different methods developed on how to teach your child to behave well, study and have fun in appropriate ways. The only thing left to do is find these methods, study them and choose the most appropriate ones. Of course, it is always easier to apply physical force than to use your brains and achieve success through diligent work. But I am more than sure that our children are worth the time spent on these methods finding and the result of these techniques will be visible very soon. Unfortunately, many parents choose the easier method, considering that in such a way they will be worthy of respect, will teach their kids how to live and will show their authority. But they couldn’t be more wrong. In such a way they just ruin their child’s fragile psyche and cause lots of problems in future. And if the child will become successful eventually – it will be despite this cruelty, but not owing to it. On balance, parents are children’s guides in life. They have to show how to behave properly and have to lay foundation for so many important things. They have to love their children in the first place and show them that they belong to the family and are very important to its members. Beating kids is the worst way to show this, but the best way to make children depressed, or even force them to run away from home, thus dooming them to misery.

Violent Video Games and Bad Behavior - 1531 Words

At this day in age we bask in the luxury of having easy access to advanced technology at our disposal. From the World Wide Web, to cell phones, music, movies and video games the human race has thought of any and everything to keep us entertained. Over the years studies have shown reasonable concerns regarding the long-term effects of video games. These games can desensitize gamers to real life violence, which is usually seen in the younger crowd. The studies especially hit on the games containing player-on-player violence. Though these games are extremely entertaining and can get kids to settle down for a while, if not properly supervised, they can produce adverse effects. Other studies have shown that video games can be used as way to†¦show more content†¦For parents this includes, the duration of time spent on the games as well as the types of games the child is playing. Active concern in a childs media usage may be a bother to them but it’s in the job description of a parent to make sure their child is okay. If a child is going to play these violent games then the parent should have a conversation with that child about the inappropriateness of the violent way out in games compared to real life resolutions to differences. This, in turn reduces attention on violent games, and present nonviolent solutions to setbacks. all can reduce the impact of media violence on children and youth In the discussion of the effects of violent video games on young children, one controversial issue has been whether or not there are any benefits to these violent games. On the one hand most researches would argue that there are not. On the other hand, there are a few the ladder contends that there are indeed benefits. Others even maintain that the outcome of a child who plays violent video games is contingent upon the parenting. The researchers of the Journal of Adolescent Research believe that videogame play may meet Reed Larson’s criteria for fostering initiative in children (CITE 2). According to Larson, the best situation for the development of initiative isShow MoreRelatedEssay Do Violent Video Games Cause Bad Behavior?1373 Words   |  6 PagesEver since the video game was invented many years ago, violent, bloody games have existed also. Some include killing zombies, shooting people, and fighting that ends in either someone dying or being hurt. The outcome remains the same, and a select few continue to live out these games throughout their daily life. These games can sometimes cause people to become angry. Although, some video games may have a negative effect on some people’s lives, other reasons such as their home life can be a factorRead MoreDo Video Games Cause Bad Behavior Essay1395 Words   |  6 Pageswhether violent video games cause bad behavior. This topic has been researched for almost 30 years and there are still major opinion differences. Many psychologists say violent video games do cause bad behavior, and claim that games such as Manhunt, Grand Theft Auto, and Modern Warfare, desensitize people to violence, making it a norm in society. Others disagree, claiming that these games, although they can be very violent, can help people develop critical thinking skills. (Nonviolent video games areRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Violent Video Games1534 Words   |  7 Pagescreation of violent video games. But, we can prevent the distr ibution of these disturbing games to children, where their effects can be negative.† (Kohl, Herb). Violent video games have been blamed for children poor school performance, mental development, and aggressive behavior; there are many studies conducted by different psychologists and experts in the area, and they came up with different results. Most people and studies believe that children are the primary victim of violent video games, and peopleRead MoreEssay on Numbing Violent Video Games934 Words   |  4 Pages Violent Video Games Did you know that video games aren’t just fun and games anymore? It may be influencing your child to hurt others. Video games are very enjoyable, but they are also very dangerous and unhealthy for children. More than 90% of children and adolescents play video games, the majority of those games contain violent content. However, this does not mean all types of video games are bad and that children will only develop bad habits from playing the video games. Video games can haveRead MoreViolent Video Games1485 Words   |  6 PagesHow does violence in video games affect people? Sometimes people think about video games and think oh no big deal but there is a lot that goes into them and they can have different effects on people. Violent video games have the most effect on people and most of them are negative. Educational games tend to have the best effect on people and can help them. Many people argue both sides and do not see them for what they are and think my kids won’t b e affected but they will as more articles state andRead MoreVideo Games Affecting Youth1177 Words   |  5 Pagesspend most of their time playing video games and this could reflect a negative role in a child’s bad behaviors. Nearly all children, especially in the United States, have or have had a video game console or some type of electronic device that contain video games. Video games in general are not to be blamed but a certain category that majority of the gamers play is called violent video games. Adolescents and children are revealed to violent games could have a bad influence which should be controlledRead MoreSociety’s Most Recent Scapegoat: Video Gaming1637 Words   |  7 Pages Rebellious, violent behavior in youth is often treated simplistically – whether Elvis Presley’s latest hits, the programs airing on Saturday night television, or the newest film playing in theaters were popular amongst children and young adults, the blame for unfavorab le behavior has always had its scapegoat. One of the most recent additions to society’s scapegoats is video gaming. Whether the objective of a given game is to fight crime or cause it, the morality of video games is often questionedRead MoreViolent Video Games and the Effects on the Youth800 Words   |  4 PagesViolent Video Games and the Effects on the Youth Today our world is surrounded by technology and new inventions that make our lives better. Some of the most popular of hobbies among children and teenagers are video games, but what many people don’t know is that they are bad for them. Violent video games in particular have been proven to not be appropriate for the age groups that play them and to have a negative effect on school, social behavior, and increase aggression. Kids who play violent videoRead MoreThe Unknown Effects of Video Games on Teens928 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen quite a bit of controversy between what the real effect video games are having on teenagers. Although everybody swings one way or another, most can agree that albeit video games may or may not be bad, the overuse of these games, can be and is a major problem in the world. Many believe that video games have an exponentially negative effect on teenagers. Many believe that video games desensitize players. In a 2005 study, violent video game exposure has been linked to reduced P300 amplitudes in theRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Video Games On Children1258 Words   |  6 Pagesminutes into playing a violent video game the average person becomes desensitized to the fact that they are killing someone. Now it it may seem like nothing when you play these games. But when people, especially children play them often it starts to become the only thing that they think about. Even if it is â€Å"just a character† in a game it becomes so to them to pull that trigger. I’ve witnessed this happen in my own household and I don’t hesitate to say: violent video games are poisonous to the brain

Gender Empowerment Measure Free Essays

Gender Empowerment Measure or GEM is a system used in measuring the gender inequality of a nation when it comes to both the political and economic opportunities. Using data from different nations, GEM is able to ranked nations on how the gender inequality issue is improving over time. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Empowerment Measure or any similar topic only for you Order Now The system used a more complex formula when it comes to measuring the political and economic participation of women relative to that of men. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) used four indicators in order to create a composite GEM. These indicators are seats held by women in parliament, female professional and technical workers, female administrators and managers, and the real GDP per capita of women. A GEM table is an indicator of gender inequality between different nations. It captures three major areas of gender inequality among nations. The first area is the extent to which women participate in decision-making in terms of political aspect. The second is the economic participation of women as well as their decision-making power. The third area is the measure of the power that women exert over the nations economic resources. In the 2009 Human Development report, Sweden was ranked first in GEM with 47% sets in parliament held by women, 32% female legislators, senior officials and managers, 51% female professional and technical worker and 0. 67 ratio of estimated female to male earned income. The figures show that Swedish women enjoy the most gender equality than any other nation included in the report. GEM is also a measure of how the inequality between men and women are changing through time. Thus, having a greater GEM means that a country is likely to develop a sense of equality between the role of men and women in society. Reference Human Development Report (2009). Gender Empowerment Measure and its Components. How to cite Gender Empowerment Measure, Papers

Marketing environment free essay sample

Analyze the marketing environment and the forces shaping eBay’s business over the years. What conclusions can you draw? The market eBay takes place in is primarily the Internet market. Around 1995 the Internet market was just beginning. â€Å"there will be more than 500 million users by 2003 and a rapid increase in e- commerce turnover, rising from US$500 billion worldwide in 2001 to more than US$3 trillion in 2004† (Fichter, 2003) EBay was a pioneer in Internet market until competitors such as Amazon and Wal-Mart began to sell products online as well. Online marketing is now the fastest-growing form of marketing† (Armstrong, 2013). The difference between eBay and its competitors was that eBay allowed consumers to bid on items while the competitors allowed for consumers to buy products at barging prices and no shipping fee. The buying trend of the consumers was leaving the bidding arena and entering the traditional buy now at a bargain price type of consumerism. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is when eBay decided a change is necessary to continue to strive but they did not just want to strive they wanted to soar so they began to innovate and jump into the creation of mobile apps for their company. EBay did what was necessary to be a â€Å"big dog† competitor in their marketing niche, if they continue to be innovative and continue to succeed in being one step ahead of competitors, I have no doubt they will accomplish being the number one ecommerce company. How was the change in the nature of eBay sellers affected the creation of value for buyers? EBay began its business as an auction company. Therefore they grew selling peoples possessions at low moderation volume. But as time pass and consume behavior changed and new competitors entered the market eBay noticed that their competitors were receiving their goods from whole sellers in bulk. â€Å"E-commerce causes structural change of the economy and affects lifestyles and consumption patterns† (Fichter, 2003) and they were also receiving what the consumer was buying. Therefore eBay starts to get sellers that also sell in bulk instead of at low volume. This created an environment where consumers were receiving what they desired and also at higher volume creating profits. We have to create a marketplace where we’re helping our sellers give our buyers what they want†Ã¢â‚¬  (Armstrong, 2013). Giving the customers what they desire created profit and growth for eBay. 3. Do you agree or disagree with CEO Donahoe that eBay’s turnaround strategy is the best way to go? Yes I agree with Donahoe’s decision on his turnaround strategy. Change can be difficult but adapting and innovation is the key to success. â€Å" The â€Å"power of mass procurement† can be utilized to ensure that only those systems that meet the defined criteria for sustainability are considered for purchase. Change is something all companies have to go through and the ones that make the transitions the most smooth are the ones that excel. † Given that expert projections suggest that mobile commerce will top $119 billion by 2015, being on top of this trend s a great place to be† (Armstrong, 2013). This is exactly what eBay did, they found a new leader and he lead them through new changes and it is paying off. Yes at first there was â€Å"growing pains† but their profits are increasing in areas do to their innovation and changes they had to make. We have gone from turnaround to offensive† (Armstrong, 2013) 4. Based on eBay’s current developments with PayPal and mobile apps, what do you predict the outcome for the company will be in five years? PayPal and mobile apps are both booming now and are only going to get bigger. PayPal creates a secure network for wireless transactions between bank accounts and with ecommerce on a rise with no sign of decline, PayPal is a â€Å"Star† â€Å"Stars are high–growth, high-share businesses or products. Mobile apps in general are definitely sky rocketing as well, depending on the individual apps convenience and attributes determines if the actual app will be a hit or miss. â€Å"the number of users worldwide with mobile Internet access is projected to rise from 16 million in 2001 to almost 500 million in 2005† (Fichter, 2003). Based on how this case explained eBay’s new app it sounds like it will be a hit for those who shop online, due to its convenience and suave. With these two things helping push eBay upward I can only predict in five years positive things for eBay to come.  But the way business goes its always a gamble, there may be a product, company, or app more desirable than the one eBay produces and this is just the way business occurs.

Babbitt essays

Babbitt essays The 1920s saw the rise of the true American consumer. For the first time in U.S. history more Americans lived in urban rather than rural areas. The nation prospered as a whole, but the wealth widened the gap between the rich and the poor. It was during this time that a great outpour of creative talent produced artists of all types who indicated the United States for being artistically barren. Authors such as Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Sinclair Lewis began to emerge and thus Babbitt was born. Sinclair Lewis, the first American to win the Nobel Prize for literature, created the true symbol of American life and values in the 1920s with his satirical character George F. Babbitt. Babbitt tells the tale of an average family living in the 1920s while accurately portraying American life and culture. With such a lively character as George Babbitt, it is hard for anyone not to enjoy this novel. Although a satire, Babbitt does deal with many real life situations which build up to Lewis thesis that no matter how hard people try they cannot change who they are. Through his use of detail, dialogue, and description Lewis is able to appeal to his readers emotionally, intellectually, and ethically. The Roaring Twenties marked a time of great prosperity. Everyone in America was trying to get a piece of the pie. Although he was well off, Babbitt did anything he could to get ahead in life, just as most people do today. Sinclair Lewis tries to create the average American by making him a middle-class, materialistic, hypocritical conformist. Lewis uses detail to make his character as real as possible; in fact detail is used throughout the novel so that the story would be believable and easy to relate to. With many mentions of jazz music, prohibition, and opinions of womens latest fashions being too short, the many details in Babbitt affect readers intellectually because they give the readers a feel for t...

The Roles of Women before Suffrage essays

The Roles of Women before Suffrage essays The typical woman played a very domestic role in the time before suffrage, or when women spoke out about the rights which they were entitled to, especially the right to vote. That right was officially granted to women in 1920. Women were not thought to be, in any way, equal to men before that time. An educated woman posed a threat to the traditionally accepted way of life. It is because of these bias traditions that women were held back. Women were supposed to obey and respect their husbands, raise and cherish their children, and do all of the household work (i.e. cooking, cleaning, etc.). Women were put down and held back constantly, but that did not stop them from stepping up and taking what they saw as rightfully theirs. In the literature of this time, there were some examples of women who were not the people society told them they should be. Some of these characters were Daisy Miller from Henry James Daisy Miller: A Study, Edna Pontillier from Kate Chopins The Awakening, and Sarah Penn from Mary E. Wilkins Freemans The Revolt of Mother. These women were considered rebels of their time. They were willing to go against the grain. One thing tying all of these characters together was that they were all perfectly aware of what was expected of them. They knew their place in society. They were unwilling, however, to be viewed almost as the African American slaves were, that is, as a piece of property. Sarah Penn knew that moving all of the familys possessions into the barn would create a lot of troubles, mainly for her. However, she was willing to do whatever she deemed necessary to make her case with her husband. Edna Pontillier knew that her relationship with Robert was taboo, but she went ahead and got progressively more involved with him, and even went as far as to get involved with another man when the family moved back to the city. Dai ...

The Effect of legitimacy theory in achieving profitability and Essay

The Effect of legitimacy theory in achieving profitability and sustainability in a corporation - Essay Example Social and environment accounting involves communicating the social and environmental effects of the company’s economic actions related to a particular interest group in a society or to the society at large. But what role does the social environment accounting play in determining the performance of a company both in the short and long run. The theory behind the inception of contemporary issues in the accounting field will also be reviewed with focus given to the legitimacy theory (Suchman, 1995). Theories are a scheme or systems of ideas which account for a group of facts or ideas, accounting theories provide a systematic framework for understanding, investigating and developing various accounting practices. Theories are used for evaluating applicability of the current accounting practices. Legitimacy theory assumes that an entity is affected by and influenced the society in which it operates, among other system oriented theories, the institutional and stakeholders theory, an entity has the primary role of ensuring that it discloses information in the relationship among, groups, organisation, the state and individuals for the coon good of the public. According to Drever and McGowan, (2007), the systematic oriented theories were derived from the political Economy theory. â€Å"Political economy is the social, political and economic framework within which human life takes place† (Gray, Owen & Adams, 1996 p.47). It is obvious that entities exist within a society and economic issues affecting such an entity can not be excluded from the political, institutional and social framework within the society. Legitimacy theory ensures that organisations and entities carry out their activities within the legal bounds and norms of their respective societies. Any given society would not condone an entity within it to carry out illegitimate activities because of the repercussion that such activities may bring upon the society. However, bounds and norms are not sta tic as they keep changing with time, thus it is also necessary that an organisation responses to the changing culture and norms within the society in order to continue operating in it smoothly (O’Donovan, 2002). Latest Research ACCA UK Awards for Sustainability Reporting in 2008 recommended that companies should start accounting for their sustainability impacts from both a financial and non financial perspective. The article point out that accounting for social and environment sustainability is a challenge because most of the components of the social environment aspect are abstract in nature. The Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, in New Castle Australia have designed practical guide fro small community organisations and enterprises due to the growing interest in social accounting . The three main steps that authors relate to social accounting are planning, accounting and reporting and auditing. Milne has recently carried out a critical look at positive accounting theory, political costs and social disclosure analysis. The aim of the research was to illustrate empirical evidence in support of the challenges that meet positive accounting theory of social disclosures. Literature Review Mathews (1995), made an inquiry whether social environment accounting is a practical demonstration of ethical concern. He points out that the accounting profession was among the first professions to uphold integrity in its practices. Recently there have been attempts by educational programmes to move the accounting pr

Research Paper Preliminary Stage Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Preliminary Stage - Research Paper Example This had even led many Americans to go through financial bedlam and disarray2. Meanwhile, in Chicago, while the stock market headed off a declining path, the World’s Columbian Exposition emerged wherein it highlighted the advancing technology and culture of the city. Amidst the economic turmoil experienced, Americans gaped at the new innovations brought about by the economic transition of the United States. Celebration for the accomplishments of the corporate America was emphasized. Nevertheless, it was in this phase of the United States economic history that a new style of music emerged that would enable Americans to identify themselves in an evolving modern nation. The economic crisis of 1893 and the World’s Columbian Exposition, and their enigmatic description had a monumental effect on the American culture: a time when America adopted ragtime music3; thus, the birth of Jazz. The Early Years of Jazz Ragtime music rose to rapid fame from 1897 to 1917, and this trigger ed modern technological modifications with businesses eyed close relation to Jazz as a national music4. The peaking popularity of the ragtime music likewise stimulated the economy with many piano manufactures increasing their production to accommodate the fast growing need for the instrument. During the 20th century, particularly in the second decade, piano production was at its summit producing more than 400,000 pianos annually. Vaudeville and Minstrel shows also proliferated following the growing number of amateur musicians who started to adopt and learn the art of Jazz music. These shows became prevalent in the United States and offered complete entertainment for many Americans. The Minstrel shows were usually held in salons – a relatively smaller venue as compared to theatres. Vaudevilles were staged in theatres, a development that attracted women and children to watch Jazz musical presentations. This had led to the growing audiences of Vaudeville shows that featured Jazz music. Then, Jazz music spread across the United States, particularly in three of its largest cities: New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago. This turned out to be the focal point of the changing American Culture in the 1920s. During the height of ragtime music in which African Americans were leading, the issue on racial discrimination still contaminated the new music industry. Nevertheless, offensive description and racism of African Americans were reduced in order to attract more audience5. The ever increasing fascination to ragtime music paved the way to the dispersal and proliferation of the music through phonographs and radios. This allowed a larger proportion of the American population to get acquainted and spellbound by Jazz. Due to the growing demand, more and more musicians were hired to create and perform ragtime music. And despite the toning down of crude representation of African American musicians, stereotypes against them still survived. Nevertheless, Vaudeville offered t he Black actors and musicians the chance for employment6. The Greats of Jazz and the New Niger There is no question about the popularity of Jazz during the early 20’s with African Americans acted as pioneers of the musical genre. It was during this period when the Harlem Club was established, debuting the giants of Jazz music: Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong. But apart from the two pioneers, when it comes to

Individual and society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Individual and society - Essay Example Psychosocial explanations have emerged in an attempt to explain the different holdings on sex and gender values. This essay will discuss the new unifying religion in the society in relation to the different explanations used to describe the interpersonal and societal relations. The essay will also discuss on the love personality of Victoria Beckham and Hillary Clinton together with my view of their involvement into romantic affairs. The essay will also incorporate the societal expression of romantic love and the different perceptions in the modern society compared with the traditional expressions. Other groups that have emerged to express on gender issues include human sexuality researchers, religious liberals, and secularists. Others have described romantic love and desire to be a different religion and have dominated in areas like America. They believe that it is one religion that brings total fulfillment and is covered in music, movies, and writings too (Brown, 2006: 183). The modernized societies give individuals the freedom to choose on their involvement into romantic affairs at the individual desire to do so. This is unlike in the traditional societies where individual choice of partners was not given the opportunity and rather the elderly in the society did match making. According to the American’s love religion, they have even set aside a high holy day of the romantic faith in February and they call it Valentine’s day. This religion recognizes that shortcomings and disappointments are inevitable since the standards set by individuals are too hard for humans to meet (Beck & Gernsheim-Beck, 1999: 76). This religion recognizes the individual desires to give pleasure at the expense of other sources of joy like sports, play, friendship, careers, and travelling, which give pleasures from different dimensions. The religion holds that, lack of romantic love results to isolation and malnutrition of emotions. There exists detrimental effects of

Concepts of Privilege and Oppression

Concepts of Privilege and Oppression Nathon D. Camacho-Morfin This paper will dissect a passage from Monica Caspers No Justice for Trayvon: White Women in the Jury Box, and argue that those of privilege are blind to the oppression of others or choose to stay ignorant of these matters. It will further argue that racism, capital, and the prison industrial complex, all contribute to sustaining privilege and the oppression of others. In No Justice for Trayvon: White Women in the Jury Box, Monica Casper writes about her experience when she and her colleague, a white woman, had a conversation about the infamous Zimmerman trial. In this conversation, her colleague stated, We need to trust the justice system . . . this was a case we never should have known about it was blown up by the media and it never even should have come to trial (No Justice for Trayvon). Casper goes on to say how they both had different feeling about this matter, she also points out how her colleague uses the term we say that it is used for inclusion as often as it is of exclusion (No Justice for Trayvon). It is the very same we that Dorothy Allison writes about in A Question of Class. Allison talks about how class and privilege are sustained by the Us vs. Them mentality. In that mentality, there is always a we and a they, this creates a disconnect from others and makes one ignorant of what privileges others lack. It also perpetuates the false belief that in order to maintain privilege and security the they must stay oppressed. Allison writes that the horror of class stratification, racism, and prejudices is that some people begin to believe that the security of their families and communities depends on the oppression of others, that for some to have good lives there must be other whose lives are truncated and brutal (35). Allison points out class stratification as one form of the oppression of others, class stratification can be characterized by the three forms of capital, which are economic capital, social capital, and cultural capital. Another form of oppression that Allison points out is racism, which can be seen in the transcript of George Zimmermans call to the police. He looks black Now hes just staring at me These assholes always get away (No Justice for Trayvon). Again, we can see a display of the Us vs. Them mentality in this quote. Another way racism is displayed is in the prison industrial complex as described by Angela Davis in Are Prisons Obsolete?. Davis discusses that prisons are ideologies of the middle class, but most importantly the white middle class. Consequently, the majority of the prisoners are people of color because they are seen as undesirables. This is a tool of oppression, which is then used to exploit prisoner labor force and generate profit for private corporations. Davis states, The fact, for example, that many corporations with global markets now rely on prisons as an important source of profit helps us to understand the rapidity with which prisons began to proliferate when official studies indicated that the crime rate was falling. The notion of a prison industrial complex also insists that the racialization of prison populations and this is not only true of the United States, but of Europe, South America, and Australia as well is not an incidental feature (Davis, p.85) In Racism and Feminism,, Bell Hooks, states that The first white womens rights advocates were never seeking social equality for ALL women; they were seeking social equality for WHITE women (p.124). Indicating that white women did not consider black womens oppression or black womens concerns, as their own concerns. We can see from Caspers colleagues response that she too does not view the Zimmerman verdict at all upsetting like Casper does, showing that she does not consider, or chooses to be ignorant in the oppression of black people, because of her white privilege; just like the early womens rights advocates were. Works Cited Allison, Dorothy. 1994. A question of class. In Skin: Talking about Sex, Class Literature. Ithaca, NY: Firebrand Books; pp. 13-36. Casper, Monica J. 2013. No Justice for Trayvon: White Women in the Jury Box. The Feminist Wire. July 17 Davis, Angela. 2003. Are Prisons Obsolete? New York: Seven Stories Press. 9-21 and 84-104. Hooks, bell. 1981. Ch. 4: Racism and Feminism. In Aint I a Woman? Boston: South End Press. Pp. 119-158.

Creation’s Contest with Evolution Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Ed

Creation’s Contest with Evolution It began in Dayton, Tennessee-1925. A high school teacher by the name of John Scopes was charged with teaching evolution, which was illegal at the time in Tennessee. The court found Scopes guilty, and he was fined one hundred dollars. However, the Scopes trial immediately sparked one of the largest controversies in today's public school systems: should creationism still be taught in public schools? In the trial, Clarence Darrow argued that teaching creationism in public schools defies the separation of church and state (which is pulled from the first amendment). Darrow moved on to say that evolution does not disobey the first amendment. The trial denied all public schools the right to teach creationism-a belief that humans were created by a higher being-although evolution may be taught. However, Darrow's claim is being challenged. Many believe evolution disobeys the first amendment. Others believe that excluding creationism in classrooms shows an unfair bias and, therefore, gives the allusion that the evolutionary theory is a fact. This, once again, disobeys the first amendment (according to Darrow). If the only theory of origination taught in schools is evolution an unfair bias and anti-God philosophy is instilled in the students. For these reasons, both evolution and creation should be taught in public schools. Prior to the year 1925, all public schools in the United States taught creationism (Evolution Conspiracy). This widely accepted notion of God creating man was challenged by a British naturalist by the name of Charles Darwin in 1859 with the publication of On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection. In the book, Darwin proposes that, ... ...s say is legitimate. That kind of censorship and unprecedented bias has the potential to force students to believe in evolution for the sheer reason that they are not exposed to the opposing view. This in itself directly conflicts with Clarence Darrows' argument. If creationism disagrees with the first amendment, as Darrow explained, then it would only make sense that humanism disagrees with the first amendment as well. It is unfair for the students not to learn both theories of origin so Darrows' argument is proven illegitimate. The only fair way to teach the theory of origin is to explain both. Doing this will not instill Christian beliefs in the students, but rather keep the students' minds open to both sides of the two contradicting theories. As a result, students can come to their own conclusion and that is the true definition of science.

Redcrosse Knight

Nurgul Zhanabayeva Alva Robinson Survey of English Literature 9 November, 2012 A Comparison between Beowulf and Redcrosse Knight At all times both history and people wanted heroes, who would be ready to sacrifice their lives for the sake of a nation. As the history changed for the better or for the worst, there were written a lot of literature works about the heroes of a time, who had devoted their courageous deeds to people. Beowulf and Redcrosse Knight are the examples of such perfect heroes in two different periods, The Middle Age and The Early Modern Period.The story of Beowulf shows the spread of Christianity in the early Danish paganistic society that valued heroic deeds and bravery above all else. Beowulf’s heroism is shown in three separate conflicts, those with Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and the sea monster. The Faerie Queen is written during the period Christianity had been spread among people; protagonist Redcrosse knight represents a virtue of Holiness, and he is the only Christian fighting against evil. Beowulf and Redcrosse are example heroes, embodying traits typical of heroes: courage, and good deeds. The Faerie Queen,† written during the Early Modern Period, narrates a big change in Christian religious thoughts and practices. Redcrosse Knight offers his help to Gloriana, Queen of Fairyland. Una, representing truth, tells that the dragon of hell has captured her parents and that she needs help in getting them free. Redcrosse decides to get her parents released . This demonstrates a hero, he will undergo many severe trials and fight fierce monsters and this in itself is a character of a heroic knight. Not only does his armour protect his body and those who were with him, but also being a Christian.He has the protection of Christ. For the Christian in order to be holy, he must have a true faith. Much of Beowulf is devoted to expressing and demonstrating the hero, in whom strength, courage, loyalty to a nation, hospitality, gene rosity, political skill and good reputation among all people is valued. These are of great importance to such warrior societies as a way of understanding their relationships to the world and the danger waiting outside their borders. Redcrosse Knight, on the other hand, is a chivalrous hero. He must defeat villains who represent the untrue RomanChurch. The qualities of loyalty, humility, sacrifice for the good of others, and sympathy for those who are less fortunate are described in the text as well as the negative consequences from greed and pride. He meets several evildoers, the dragon from hell, the evil sorcerer Archimago, Sansfoy and Sansloy, who has no faith, the liar and representative of the Roman Church, Duessa/Fidessa, and many others. These evildoers fight Redcrosse Knight through deceit, lust, and untruth. Therefore he must be armed with faith in Christ to win the evils of the spiritual realm.As we can see, equally Beowulf and Redcrosse Knight have a vast amount of braver y. They both defeat enemies that attack or capture innocent people. They both constantly pray to Christ for help to win evil they meet and to have sympathy for those who suffer. These qualities, idealized by thanes and knighthood, such as bravery, courtesy, honour, and gallantry toward women are visible in both Beowulf and Redcrosse Knight. One difference is that women in the Old English Period are not as important as those in Middle age period. We see this in both poems. In Beowulf we only hear about Wealhtheow, Hrothgar’s queen, and Grendel’s mother.However in â€Å"The Faerie Queene,† we see many women characters, Gloriana, Una, Duessa/Fidessa, Lucifera (Hell), Caelia (Heavenly), Fidelia (Faith), Sperenza (Hope), and Charissa (Charity). In some way or another, Redcrosse and Beowulf have connections to these women, either good or bad. Additionally both heroes have a meeting with a character from hell. Beowulf dives into the lake, which is a personification of hell, where Grendel’s mother is waiting to attack. He cannot cut her with his sword, so he tosses it away and finds a larger sword killing Grendel’s mother by cutting her head off.He sees Grendel’s dead body nearby and cuts off his head as a trophy and returns to Denmark . This expresses an important virtue, loyalty. Redcrosse Knight fights Lucifera (Queen of Hell) and other evildoers. He has been weakened by his visit to the House of Pride. Although he had the instinctive good sense to flee from that castle, his conscience is still at work. This failure brings him near to death in the dungeon of Orgoglio, a giant that represents godless pride. Arthur, that represents magnificence, comes along and helps Redcrosse rise up from his lowest state.Redcrosse also defeats the dragon. Here he is compared to Christ descended to hell to win Satan. Redcrosse enters the mouth of the dragon and finally kills it by the help of The Tree of Life and The Well of Life, which are the grace of God given to mankind and which helps Christian in danger. No matter how well equipped or prepared the Christian is, he can’t win the evil without the help of God. A message is given here, a true Christian with all his humility counts on God. Another similarity of both these warriors is rewards for being heroes, however in very different ways.After Beowulf kills Grendel, he is considered the greatest hero in Danish history. Hrothgar says that Beowulf will never lack for riches, the horses and men of the Geats were all richly adorned, and a party was held to celebrate Beowulf’s victory. Redcrosse Knight, on the other hand, will receive his reward in heaven. If he continues to live sinless and fight against evildoers he will receive eternal life. The battle will not end until the end of the world, when Christ will tell which religion is false and which is true. Meanwhile, a Christian believes that honour is gained by good deeds and glory lies in afterlife.In both poems, Beowulf and Redcrosse Knight developed from heroic warriors, who have such qualities as courage, generosity, sacrifice for the good of others, into wise leaders. Beowulf rises from a fearless warrior to a reliable king and Redcrosse Knight finally becomes St. George, the patron saint of England. Both showed the necessary characteristics to become very successful nobles. Though these two outlooks are somewhat oppositional, each character acts as society dictates. Beowulf acted as a hero-warrior and Redcrosse as a chivalric-warrior. However, their Christian values are somewhat similar.The images of warrior presented in both poems are significant roles that are important to Christian life — Faith and Holiness. References Auerbach, Erich, Mimesis: Representation of Reality in Western Literature, Translated by Willard Trask, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971. Hadfield Andrew, The Faerie Queen, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Heaney, Seamus, Beowu lf: A New Verse Translation, New York ed. , 2001. Niles, John. D, Beowulf: The Poem and It’s Tradition, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983.

Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Essay

Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits According to the American Psychological Association, â€Å"Obesity is a condition marked by excess accumulation of body fat. Genetic factors play a key role in obesity, but so do behavioral factors — especially eating too much and exercising too little. † Behavioral and social/cognitive theories approach the habit from two different perspectives and both theories can explain reasoning behind the habit. However creating a plan that will apply operant conditioning can change a habit. A child can be in a normal weight range up until a specific age, once that child turned ten they began to gain weight. As a child, the environment around them tends to be a major influence on behavior; however when looking at examples such as close relatives their eating habits appeared to be similar over the generations as well as their size. The eating habits the child has formed, which contributed to their weight gain, could be because of the influence specific people have in their life such as family members or a habit formed due to their environment. Growing up and being told not to move until your plate is empty or that you can’t have dessert until all your vegetables are gone, were common statements that a child may hear and actions that they watched their families make. Other factors such as growing up in a single parent household with a parent that didn’t have time to cook and constantly fed their children the dollar menu could impact that child’s later habits in life. Now when that child is an adult they continue the same eating habits constantly finishing everything on their plate or frequently eating out to save time and is facing obesity as the result. In order to change this habit and individual may consider using operant conditioning. Operant conditioning uses a reward/punishment system to reinforce behaviors and is more closely used during social cognitive therapy. There may be various factors or theories which contribute to an individual’s eating habit but in this case social cognitive theory may apply more appropriately. Developing a plan to change an eating habit may be creating a new lifestyle. By using tools such as portion control, exercise, and using a food tracking. First step is to eat proper portions of the right food, next track the food to be aware of how much food an individual is eating, lastly exercise. Rewards for following this plan will be decrease in weight, which means new clothes for every ten pounds lost, also the ability to eat additional food items throughout the day if exercising. Punishments if not following the plan will be additional work out time, no snacks and no new clothes if not losing the weight. If an individual can stick to the plan then ultimately an individual will eliminate the habit of over eating and live a healthier lifestyle.

The All-Important First Impression

The All-Important First Impression If youre looking for a job, youre also looking for an interview, and the path to that interview is strewn with discarded resumes and cover letters. Why? A resume and cover letter present a first impression – the all-important first impression that will determine whether you are considered for further inspection by your potential employer.AppearanceJust as you would be clean, neat and well-groomed for your personal interview, so should your resume/cover letter. Choose stationery carefully; your local office supply or quick-print shop can help. Bright white is always a good choice, but consider pale gray or off-white as these are professional-looking and may help your papers stand out from the rest in the pile.Cover letter layoutIf you dont have your own letterhead (most of us dont) and youre experienced with creative software (Adobe Illustrator, for example), you could create your own logo to position at the top of your letterhead. Caution: this has the potential to do more har m than good if you have no design skills. Use block style layout, which means everything on the page will be flush left, leaving a margin of 1-1.5 on the left and 1 on the other edges. Single-space your letter, leaving a double space between date line and address; between address and salutation; between salutation and first paragraph; between all paragraphs; and between last paragraph and closing. Leave at least four spaces for your signature between the closing and your name.ResearchBefore you blindly send out resumes, do some research on your potential employers to determine where your information should be sent. Use the Internet, the telephone, the library or someone who already works at the company to glean everything you can about the job you seek, the company and the hiring decision-maker. If you are applying for a job in the marketing department, you dont want your resume to end up in the accounting department, so whenever possible, get the name and title of the person who sh ould receive your resume, and make sure the mailing address is correct.Cover letter contentYou now have your stationery and know where to send your plea for employment. What do you include in your cover letter? The most difficult part about writing your cover letter is what NOT to include. Dont rehash your resume; dont gush about the company; dont write more than one page; dont use slang or off-color humor or anything that might offend the reader; and above all, dont lie.Since the cover letter is really the first thing your reader will see, you should spend more time with it than with your resume, which is basically just a list of facts and experience. Start with a proper salutation; if youve managed to get the name of the person, thats great. If not, address your letter to the Manager of the department that has the job opening, or to the Human Resources Director or to the department or title discovered in your research.The first paragraph is crucial. This is equivalent to your pers onal appearance when you walk through the door for your interview. Whatever you write afterward, do not begin this paragraph with I. Try to make some true comment about the company (Since ABC Company has a reputation for marketing excellence, your opening for a Marketing Assistant immediately sparked my interest.). If you talked to someone on the telephone about the job, reference that (Thank you for taking the time yesterday to explain ABC Companys need for a Marketing Assistant.). In other words, concentrate on the company where you want to work rather than yourself.In the following paragraphs, explain why you are a good candidate for the job. Leave the specific position descriptions for the resume, but focus on personal attributes (detailed, energetic, sense of humor), similar job or school experience (awarded Marketer of the Year at ABC College, created several successful advertising campaigns while interning at XYZ Agency) and why you would be the best choice for ABC Company (e xcited about the opportunity and potential for growth, believe you can contribute to ABCs success). A total of three-four paragraphs is plenty; do NOT overwrite this letter. Your sole purpose is to guide your reader to your resume.The resumeIf your resume is more than two pages, youve lost your reader. Begin with a SHORT statement of your objective – you want to expand your skills, be part of a company where you can grow a career, etc. Then list your work history in chronological order, starting with the most recent. Do not list jobs more than 10 years in the past; with rapid advancement in technology and a fast learning curve in most industries, any experience you gained that long ago is not relevant. Do not list short-term jobs (less than six months) unless they were internships as you dont want to appear to be a job-hopper. Do not over-explain each position; concentrate more on the jobs that have direct relevance to the job you seek.The next element after your job history should be your education. List your academic degrees, universities and dates of attendance. You could also list any awards or special honors you received. Information about your high school should be included ONLY if you have just graduated and are applying for your first job.If applicable, you can include specific skills as a separate item, such as computer software or hardware.Although some applicants offer references upon request, I suggest you include three business references with your resume. Name, title, company, phone number and/or email address are sufficient for contact information.Thats all there is to it! Just remember that your cover letter and resume should be:easy to readinterestingwell-written and grammatically correctfactualGood luck!

Analysis of the Problems of XYZ Company Assignment

Analysis of the Problems of XYZ Company - Assignment Example Herein, it should be noted that the XYZ Company is a well-known company in the food manufacturing industry. The company is having the number of employees working in it. There are several departments within the company. However, the information technology department needs some improvement for that this Yardstick report will provide the solution. In order to improve the information technology security system to keep the confidential information of the company in safe hands, it is necessary that the IT security system should be strong enough. For this, it is possible that the XYZ Company can hire other security service provider company that can help to upgrade their IT security system. As there are different types of risks involved such as the hacker attack, lack of physical security, and risks from internal employees (Whitman & Mattord, 2010). Therefore, a strong IT security system can be the best solution for the XYZ Company. The internal employees are responsible to keep the information confidential. However, to keep the information confidential from vendors it is necessary that the employees use software and never share their passwords with any other person. Moreover, it can be said that the associated threats and vulnerabilities can be dealt with the help solutions such as training programs, control, and monitoring system, checklist, and daily basis reports. For all these services, there are many agencies that are developing specific software for the companies. There are few top agencies that are offering these services. In order to select the final service provider for the company, it must be the best in the field of information technology to the organizations and advises best in the business and provide the best security to the systems. Thus, the XYZ Company is seeking the best network security policy and procedure.

CITIZENSHIP ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT LEVELS IN UK, EUROPE, AND THE Essay

CITIZENSHIP ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT LEVELS IN UK, EUROPE, AND THE WORLD - Essay Example e first time (4.1 per cent in Wales, 4.7 per cent in the U.K).4 Manufacturing plays a more prominent role in the Welsh economy than it does in the U.K economy as a whole; it accounts for 27.8 per cent of Welsh GDP compared to 20.8 per cent of U.K GDP.5 Secretary of State for Wales, Peter Hain said on 22nd March 2006: â€Å"There are 118,000 more people in jobs in Wales since 1997; the unemployment level is almost 40 per cent lower than in 1997; and the 34 per cent growth in exports between 1999 and 2005 has outperformed the U.K average of 25.6 per cent.†6 Comparative unemployment levels in Europe and the World Western Europe: The Welsh unemployment rate of 4.1 was lower only to Switzerland’s 3.8. Next came Norway and Ireland, both 4.2, followed by U.K 4.7, Luxembourg 4.9, Denmark 5.5, Sweden 6, the Netherlands 6.5, and Portugal 7.3. Italy and Finland both 7.9, Belgium 8.4, France 10, Spain 10.1, Greece 10.8 and Germany 11.6. Real Wage Unemployment (labour market fails to respond to demand): Governments combat it by reducing trade union powers, increasing companies’ abilities to change wages, and encouraging short- term contracts. Frictional Unemployment (ncomplete information in the labour market): Governments increasing knowledge of vacancies through ‘job centres’, and increasing the incentive to search for jobs (e.g. by reducing unemployment benefits; lowering taxes on wages). Geographical unemployment (inability of people to relocate from areas of low demand for labour to areas of high demand): Governments provide regional incentives for new businesses to locate in high unemployment areas, and reduce barriers to free movement of workers. Structural unemployment (inability of workers to change the kind of job they do {e.g. from IT to engineering}): Governments by provide incentives to retrain, and reduce geographical immobility (facilitating workers movement to areas where their skills are in high demand).9 In the United Kingdom during the

Improving our Ethical performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Improving our Ethical performance - Essay Example (Annual report, 2004, swisslife) When a large retailer like TESCO is considered, one can find that they made ethical trading an integral part of the way they do business. They took care that the buyers, technical managers and ethical trading team to work with their suppliers to upheld labour standards in the supply chain. The company have developed a core regarding Ethical issues. TESCO started implementing ethical issues in business and ended up in making their staff earn more while the share market was jittering. This was made possible to make staff to save while they earn. (Social responsibility 2006). The company started investing in Kenyan flower supply base, South African wine producing and Dominican banana producing. The investment in these areas has linked the productin with social responsibility. As a result the living standards of flower, wine and banana producers in the above mentioned areas were enhanced and resulted in quality produce for the present and in future. (Social responsibility 2006) When we consider the marks and Spencer's ethical issues the communication, equality and diversity pay and benefit, training and development, health, safety and well being, business ethics were considered in the ethical practices. (2006, work place, Marks & Spencer) The communication between the management, suppliers and the emp... result the living standards of flower, wine and banana producers in the above mentioned areas were enhanced and resulted in quality produce for the present and in future. (Social responsibility 2006) When we consider the marks and Spencer's ethical issues the communication, equality and diversity pay and benefit, training and development, health, safety and well being, business ethics were considered in the ethical practices. (2006, work place, Marks & Spencer) The communication between the management, suppliers and the employees was well maintained to share knowledge that helps in the promotion of the business. By retaining the culturally and socially diverse work force the company is maintained equality and diversity in maintenance of the work force. The pay and benefits for the employees were at the right level and they are attractive for the people who want to join it. This made the employees feel secure and work for the promotion of the business as the company is maintaining continuous communication with the employees to be attentive. The company took care of training and development issues of the employees, which made them, develop their skills according to the need of the hour. It is taking care of health and safety and well being of their employees which makes the absence due to illness scarce. Along with the company the employees and suppliers are made to behave and trade ethically while working for and trading with the company. 2. Comparison of TESCO and Marks and Spencer's When we compare marks and Spencer's regarding their ethical trade practices the similarity lies in maintaining cordial relations with employees and suppliers by communicating and taking care of them. The communicating with employees is a difference of marks and Spencer's from that of

Church Split During Middle Ages Essay Example for Free

Church Split During Middle Ages Essay Ultimately, the cause of the Great Schism of 1054 was a question of who was the highest authority. The underlying reasons why there was a split, however, developed in earliest beginnings of the Church. In those days the Church was never completely unified, and several of the original organizations, such as the Coptic Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches, which date from ancient times, still exist as separate entities. By far, the largest body of the Church was the one centered in Rome, which from ancient times was made up of two main groups of people, one speaking Latin and one speaking Greek. Latin was the language of the administrative center in Rome. Greek, however, was the original language of much of the New Testament. The linguistic difference was part of a foundation of a split that developed more, and not always for reasons that had anything to do with religious doctrine. Like the Church, the Roman Empire was divided between Latin and Greek areas, and the common understanding of this is skewed. The date we are accustomed to assign to the fall of the Roman Empire was not actually the date of a sudden destruction of a country. In fact, what happened that year was the abdication of the last emperor of the Roman Empire of the West, with authority being reunited in the hands of the emperor of the Roman Empire of the East. And in theory, the Roman Empire continued with what we call the Byzantine Empire today, but what called itself the Empire of the Roman People at the time. For group of people in the East, who considered themselves the rightful administrators of law and Justice, to admit that they had lost control over the West was difficult enough, but in addition to that, the popes were demanding that they acknowledge the spiritual leadership of Rome, with increasing demands for political leadership as well. When Pope Leo Ill crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the West, in 800, it was not a religious issue, but it was a political issue that made the Greeks very upset. From the Greek perspective, Charlemagne and the Pope were usurping the authority of Empress Irene, who was ruling the empire at the time. When Emperor Michael Ill deposed the Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople in 858, the Pope, Nicholas l, declared the action illegal and acted on his own authority to return Ignatius to his position. This caused further problems, and this time it was within the Church itself. In 1014, the Pope again tried to exert authority over the ishops of the East, interfering in a change they were making to the to the Nicene Creed. Right or wrong, this created more strain. The time of continual, simmering resentment continued, as the Popes continued to try to get the Greek bishops to accept the supreme authority of Rome, and the Greek bishops always tried to avoid doing this. Finally, in 1054, a group of legates excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople because he would not take an oath to acknowledge the supremacy of the Pope, and he retaliated by excommunicating them. Church Split During Middle Ages By brandyHK

Chinese Managers Leadership Style

Chinese Managers Leadership Style 3.1 Introduction Among various choices of research methodologies, this study draws on a framework within the qualitative research paradigm. The study takes an interpretive approach and adopts a data collection design of participant interviews. The purpose of this section is to introduce the underpinning philosophical arguments regarding methodological consideration and to justify the appropriateness of qualitative design to the context of this study. Supportive theories for this choice as well as the sampling methods, data collection methods, arrangements for interviews and the relevant research considerations will be addressed. In order to link the methodological choices with the study purpose, research questions will also be reiterated. 3.2Research questions The purpose of qualitative research is to describe, explore, and explain phenomena being studied (Marshall and Rossman, 1999). Qualitative research questions, therefore, often take the form of what, how and why, and are more concerned with the process rather than the outcome. As this study is to explore how Chinese culture, specifically Confucius philosophical doctrines have shaped Chinese leadership style, as well as how Western theories have exerted a profound influence on Chinese leadership in modern Chinese society, the research questions of this study go as follows: What are the main characteristics of Chinese managers leadership style in Public Sector in Tianjin? Given the above, to what extent does Chinese culture, particularly Guanxi affect and shape Chinese leadership style? In this day and age, how is leadership in China influenced by Western leadership models? What are the implications that Chinese leadership styles present for the future practice? As a result, the research methodology was selected and employed to explore the development of the topic to answer the above questions. 3.3 Methodological choice 3.3.1 Interpretive research tradition Among the three research traditions, i.e. Positivism and Postpositivism, Interpretive Research, and Critical Postmodernism (Gephart, 2004), Interpretive Research is generally considered the most appealingly applied by a significant number of researchers. This study takes an interpretive approach to understand the Chinese managers leadership style as perceived by their Qualitative research can be either interpretive or positive depending on the philosophical assumptions taken by the researcher. According to Schwandt (2000), qualitative research is a diverse term covering an array of techniques seeking to describe, decode, translate, and somehow come to terms with the meaning, rather than the measurement or frequency of phenomena in the social world. Interpretive research is a more specific term. Interpretive studies assume that people create and associate their own subjective and intersubjective meanings as they interact with the world around them. With regards to the epistemology, interpertivsts recognize that the way they make sense of the world is shaped by their goals, culture and experience (Creswell, 2003; Weber, 2004). Reality is viewed as socially constructed and cannot be objectively determined (Easterby- Smith et al., 1991). The foundation assumption for interpretive research is that knowledge is gained, or at least filtered, through soci al constructions such as language, consciousness, and shared meanings. In addition to the emphasis on the socially constructed nature of reality, interpretive research acknowledges the intimate relationship between the researcher and what is being explored, and the situational constraints shaping this process. Interpretivists believe that the researcher and the researched are interdependent and affect each other in their interactions (Gephart, 2004; Weber, 2004). Walsham (1995) indicates that interpretive research attempts to understand phenomena through the meanings that people assign to them. It does not predefine dependent and independent variables. Nor does it set out to test hypotheses, but rather aims to produce an understanding of the social context of the phenomenon and the process whereby the phenomenon influences and is influenced by the social context. 3.3.2 Qualitative study Within the field of social research there have been opposing views on how the social world can be or should be understood. Traditionally the positivist paradigm has been related to quantitative research techniques, scientific measurement and empirical findings (Silverman, 2000). However, recently research methodology is considered as a continuum between quantitative and qualitative designs with the approach adopted based on an ability to answer or add knowledge to a particular issue (Creswell, 2003; Miller and Brewer, 2003). According to Creswell (1994), a qualitative study is defined as an inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem, based on building a complex, holistic picture, formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants, and conducted in a natural setting. Although a quantitative research method was useful in studying statistical differences among variables and factors for proofing assumptions, its limitation was the inability to fully reveal the underlying meanings people associated with particular activities or social process (Esterberg, 2002). In favor of this argument, Silverman (1997) further extends that quantitative research may overlook the social and cultural construction of variables as well as the attitudes and meanings behind the variables. Qualitative studies, though perceived to be complex, time-intensive, and sometimes fraught with methodological challenges, can be the richest of studies, often illuminating complex phenomena in radically new ways (Conger, 1998). They are responsible for paradigm shifts, insights into the role of context, and longitudinal perspectives that other methods often fall to capture (Isabella, 1990; Mintzberg, 1973; Roberts and Bradley, 1988). Qualitative research may take on different traditions or assumptions such as phenomenology, hermeneutics and ethnography. However, Mason (1996) indicates that there are three common elements that bind qualitative research strategies together: Qualitative research takes an interpretive position in relation to understanding interactions within a multi-layered social world; Data generation is flexible and sensitive to the social context in which data is produced; Data analysis that use explanation building which involve understanding the relevant complexity, detail and content of the subject matter. (Mason, 1996:4) Such an argument provides a strong theoretical foundation for this study regarding the interaction between managers and their subordinates in Public Sector in China. As a result, having considered these arguments, qualitative methodology would be useful in exploring the meanings and perspectives in this dissertation, because it permits an exploration of participants concepts of Chinese leadership, the interpretation of cultural effects on Chinese leadership style and the complexity of issues that contribute to the subject. 3.3.3 Qualitative leadership studies It has been widely held that qualitative research in the social sciences plays an important part only in the exploratory phases of a research. At this stage, the researcher knows about the subject he/she is to investigate, and his/her hypotheses are purely speculative. Once the researchers understanding gradually becomes well-defined, quantitative analysis can follow to refine and validate the hypotheses generated by the previous qualitative research. However, Conger (1998) challenged this assumption by arguing that in reality, qualitative research must play an important role on matter at what stage in the investigation of leadership topics. The main reason, he points out, is the extreme and enduring complexity of the leadership phenomenon itself. Since leadership involves multiple levels of phenomena, possesses a dynamic character, and has a symbolic component, quantitative methods, which are largely based on surveys in the leadership field, tend to focus on a single level of analysis such as behavioral dimensions (Yukl, 1994), and in turn overlook the organizational and environmental factors (Conger, 1998). Therefore, they are insufficient to investigate thoroughly phenomena as complex as leadership. In addition, other scholars have drawn limitations and narrowness of the investigation frame of quantitative analysis in the leadership study. For example, Phillips (1973) argues that quantitative surveys are usually influenced by social desirability concerns of respondents and only reflects behavior attitudes rather than actual observed behavior. Lantis (1987) also articulates that quantitative analysis is unable to measure interactions, which is a critical element of leadership. Qualitative methods, as proposed by Conger (1998), when properly employed, may render leadership studies distinct advantages over quantitative methods: First, more room to explore leadership in depth (Bryman, 1992); Second, the flexibility to detect unexpected phenomena during the research; Third, more opportunities to sense the contextual factors; Fourth, more effective to investigate symbolic dimensions (Morgan and Smircich, 1980). It is based on all these arguments, that this study adopts a qualitative method, trying to put into full play the advantages that qualitative method possesses in studying the Chinese leadership style in Public Sectors. 3.4 Interviews 3.4.1 Interviews as a qualitative method Based on the methodological discussions, interview was chosen as the most appropriate method of data collection for the research at hand. This method is the most frequently used qualitative method and recommended in situations where a detailed understanding of complicated behavior is sought and where detailed probing of the respondent is anticipated. Kvale and Birnkmann (2009) emphasize a qualitative research interview as a professional conversation focusing on an alternation, which occurs on the personal interaction between the interviewer and the interviewee around a particular issue or range of topics and on the descriptive data conducted through that interaction. Unstructured interviews 3.4.2 Semi-structured interviews In this study, semi-structured interviews were applied as a research tool. Semi-structured interviews form an important part of qualitative research (Cassell and Symon, 2004). In semi-structured interviews, the interviewer designs a general structure by deciding in advance what ground is to be covered and what questions are to be asked. This leaves the detailed structure to be worked out during the interview. The interviewee is given considerable freedom to express his/her views on his/her own words. This results in them raising issues and topic that the researcher may not have thought about as important for the study (Banister and Booth, 2005). The interviewer can respond using prompts, and follow-up questions to encourage the interviewee to clarify or expand on their answers. He/She can also react via facial expression and body language. This would allow the interviewer to innovate and give the interview a direction (King, 2004) and get explanatory answers for questions about peoples behavior and opinions (Saunders et al, 2003; Banister and Booth, 2005). This is one of the strengths of this kind of interviews. In summary, semi-structured interviews provide the opportunity for the researcher to probe deeply to uncover new clues, open up new dimensions of a problem and to secure vivid, accurate inclusive accounts that are based on personal experienced (Easterby-Smith et al., 2002). In semi-structured interviews, the application of probing is one of the most significant techniques. Probing centers on assisting the interviewee in continuing to speak his/her mind by the interviewer posing questions fully and relevantly (Cooper and Schinder, 2000). Patton (1990) identifies three types of probing techniques, namely detail-oriented probes, elaboration probes, and clarification probes. In this study, the elaboration probe is employed to encourage the interviewee to express more feelings (Patton, 1990). The interviewer took the initiative and encouraged the interviewee by supplementing questions like What makes you think so?; Can you give some examples?; Can you tell me more about this? etc. For semi-structured interviews, basic structures and frameworks are necessary. Before conducting the interviews, boundaries were drawn with pertinence to the research questions and research objectives. In turn, boundaries and framework also provide reference for the judgment of data to be obtained. Without boundaries and framework, the discussion can go on different track and become too general (Denzin and Lincoln, 2000). With boundaries set to the interview, the interviewer can not only maintain the exploratory principles through the use of major topic themes within the questions but also had sufficient flexibility to extend the boundaries of the original theme or to vary the sequence and emphasis of the questions (Corbetta, 2003;Kvale, 1996; Miller and Brewer, 2003). 3.4.3 Framing the interview questions Framing the questions for the interview is very important. The questions allow respondents to quantify individual experiences and convey the results or answers that are expected from the research (Denzin and Lincoln, 2000; Easterby-Smith et al., 2002). Silverman (2001) and King (2004) suggest that research questions should not reflect the researchers own presuppositions or biases. Saunder et al. (2003) also stress that the questions framed should not be leading or suggesting a restricted set of answers. The interview questions in this study include a series of open-ended questions (Appendix). This is because open-ended questions provide the opportunity to gather an authentic understanding of peoples experience (Silverman, 1999). Moreover, they also allow the interview respondents to talk freely and explain their understanding on Chinese leadership style and Chinese and Western cultural effects on framing such kind of leadership style. As discussed above, discussion on these questions may move beyond the research boundaries, therefore sub-questions have been framed to direct the discussion in the required directions. 3.5 Sampling Sampling for qualitative research seeks to provide explanations of attitudes and behavior rather than quantify their extent in the population. According to National Centre for Social Research (2002), qualitative samples should not be as large as survey samples or to be statistically representative. Rather, qualitative samples should be selected purposively to encompass the range and diversity present in the target population. Miles and Huberman (1994) also assert that qualitative researchers should work with small samples of people, bound by specific contexts, and studied in depth. In this study, unstructured interviews were conducted individually with five senior managers from five organizations of the Public Sector in Tianjin, as well as semi-structured interviews were employed seven subordinates of these managers. Therefore the sample size of the study is twelve. Additionally, nonprobability sampling, a non-random and subjective sampling method (Cooper and Schindler, 1999) is used for this research. Different from random sampling, this method allowed the interviewer to choose sample members as she wished or wherever she could find them. Another concept related to nonprobability sampling is judgment sampling. As one kind of nonprobability samplings, judgment sampling is used to select sample members to conform to some criterion (Cooper and Schindler, 2000). With the application of judgment sampling, people who work as managers in Public Sector in Tianjin were selected for main target samples, and their subordinates for sub-target samples. Since the study is to investigate the general perception of the leadership style in Public Sector in Tianjin, the sampling frame of this study is the public in general who work in different managerial levels in Public Sector in Tianjin. 3.6 Data collection 3.6.1 Data collection procedure The data collected for this dissertation has been obtained from a combination of both secondary and primary sources. The secondary data include a selection of variety of books, journals and articles. The primary data were gathered from a series of unstructured and semi-structured interviews. In total, 12 interviews were undertaken with interviewees form 5 organizations in Public Sector in Tianjin (Appendix). These multiple sources of data allowed the researchers to address a broader range of historical, attitudinal, and observation issues (Yin, 1989). Furthermore, multiple sources of evidences provided multiple perspectives of the same phenomenon. Participants in this study ranged from general staff to senior managers. The judgment sampling method employed here correlates with one of the approaches described by Mason (1996) in that it seeks to provide a detailed view of particular units; not with any intent to act in a representative way of the wider population but to generate theory that may be applied or evaluated within a broader context. Five senior managers form different organizations are researchers relatives. The close relationship, therefore, contributed to both fulfillment of the interviews and the in-depth exploration of the research. In addition, seven subordinates work with five managers respectively. Subordinates perception of their managers characteristics could enrich the performance of the research. As a result, this elicited 12 interviews that formed the database of this study. The five organizations from which 12 interviewees stemmed cover the following five sectors: Economy and Trade Commission Justice Bureau Department of Cultural Affairs Urban Planning Bureau Public Primary School Interviews were undertaken in June and July 2010. Among the 12 interviews, five with senior managers were conducted in their houses or the researchers house, and each interview lasted 40 minutes around. Others 7 were taped in interviewees offices, lasting 20-30 minutes respectively. Moreover, interviews were conducted in the interviewees native language (Chinese) so that the subject was able to express their ideas fully. All the interviews took place in a private and quiet environment with only the interviewer and interviewee present. All participants were made fully aware of the details of the study. The schedules were directly and respectively sent to all participants ahead of the interviews so as to confirm the researchers intent to record the interview via audiotape and to introduce the arrangements related to confidentiality. All participants consented to the using of the tape recorder during the interviews. Such pre-interview communication proved important, because on the one hand, it allowed the participants enough time to get into the purpose and questions of the interview; on the other hand, it played an essential role in requesting informed consents (Kvale and Birnkmann, 2009) from the participants, assuring them of safety, showing respect to their dignity, rights, and well-being. Especially when conducting qualitative research with sensitive topics, such ethical issues need to be a concern of the researcher (Malhotra, 2004), since there is much closer interaction between the interviewer and the individual examined (King, 2004) and usually more personal or sensitive information is shared. Therefore, the researcher had the responsibility to care for the rights and needs of the respondents (Kvale and Birnkmann, 2009). All this also supported the development of trust in the interaction of the interviewee with the interviewer to ensure that they would be as truthful and open about their experiences and feelings as possible (Easterby-Smith et al., 1999) 3.6.2 Data analysis As is typical in qualitative research (Creswell, 1994), data analysis proceeded in tandem with data collection. The interview transcripts served as the basis for the data analysis. After a general sense of the information gathered through reading the transcripts several times (Creswell, 2003), coding of the data was used to analyze the interviews. Coding is defined as the formal process of selecting all the usable material from the complete data collected (Fisher, 2004). To code the data, it would be useful to identify clear themes at the initial stage. Hence, themes that consistently emerged in the interviews were identified and the material was divided into chunks and allocated to the themes (Creswell, 2003; Fisher, 2004). This approach to data analysis has the advantage as it is flexible and can be adapted to the needs of the study while it still forces the researcher to take a well-structured approach to analyzing the data, which assists in creating a clear and organized account of the findings. Therefore, after the transcription of the interview data from the audiotapes, the data analysis was categorized into four theme sections. The process of coding and analyzing data was ongoing and continued throughout the formulation of the subsequent chapters. Therefore, codes remained open to modification until the end of the study and were modified and developed as the analysis proceeded (Fisher, 2004). In the analysis process, the method of direct quotations was used to illustrate informants responses precisely. Additionally, examples of contradicting arguments of the interviewees were included to ensure a balanced account of the data gathered. This enhanced the validity and authenticity of the research (Creswell, 2003; Spiggle, 1994). The presentation of the findings is structured around the main themes identified. Care was taken not to drift towards generalizations but keep in mind the individual experiences from which these themes were developed (Creswell, 2003; King, 2004). 3.7Limitations Undertaking any form of research regardless of methodology or study design takes the author on a journey that is often challenging and frustrating. A potential major weakness of the research method employed in this study could be the problem of bias. Bell and Opie (1999) suggested that interview as a qualitative method is highly subjective technique and therefore there is always the danger of bias. This is true because there is a strong possibility that interviewees might choose not to reveal all issues related to the research questions due to feelings of embarrassment or a lack of knowledge on the topic and confusion etc. The researcher may tend to seek out answers that support preconceived notions. This may not be deliberate but may arise due to the classification of information and the flow of analytical thinking. Such a bias may limit the scope of the available data in relation to the study themes (Miller and Brewer, 2003) and greatly influence the reliability of the data collected. However, as Gavron (1966) suggested, awareness of the problem plus constant self-control can help alleviate the degree of bias. Another challenge that this study was facing is the transcribing of data. Since all interviews were conducted in Chinese, transcribing from the record in the audiotape into English written words may easily involve errors. This may occur due to the misunderstanding or mishearing of respondents words or ignoring the emotionally loaded intonations. Moreover, the language barrier constitutes another problem. Although the researcher tried her best to maintain the authenticity and reliability of the data, the slangs, jargons, colloquial expressions and established phrases in one language may not be possibly given a parallel in another language. Therefore, all that the researcher could do was to try to avoid any interventions and misunderstandings during the interview and repeated respondents key points in front of the respondents so as to ensure that interviewees opinions were fully and accurately understood by the researcher.

Essay --

Concussion or Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Millions of concussions occur from sports participation every year. These injuries typically occur in collision (football and ice hockey) and contact sports (soccer and basketball) but can occur in any sport even traditional â€Å"non-contact† sports. Concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has been defined as â€Å"a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomechanical forces.† Typically this occurs after a direct blow to the head but can also occur with any blow to the body where forces are transmitted to the head. The symptoms of a concussion occur rapidly and often spontaneously resolve, however, these symptoms can also quickly worsen or return resulting in a medical emergency. Therefore, anyone experiencing the signs symptoms of a concussion or mTBI should consult a physician or medical professional to properly diagnose and treat this injury as monitoring or additional testing (MRI/ CT Scan)may be warranted. The acute symptoms of a concussion are listed in the table below: Signs and Sympto...

African American and Obama Essay

In â€Å"A More Perfect Union’†, a speech given by Barack Obama, there are multiple issues addressed, with race being the biggest of them all. In Obama’s speech, his main focus is the issue of racism, and he touches on the examples of racism today and how we should cope with these problems. Obama uses various tones and experiences in both his life and the lives of others as well, to portray his thoughts on the subject. Obviously in a speech about racism given by an African American man, there are going to be mixed responses portrayed by the audience, and I think those mixed reactions are exactly what was occurring in the audience. As being part of that audience, I think Obama did an exceptional job of showing how racism is still present today, not only towards African Americans, but every other race as well. In â€Å"A More Perfect Union†, Obama not only talks about the conventional types of racism consisting of whites and blacks, but also that of all the other ethnicities we have in this country. As a result of doing this Obama presents all these issues fairly and unbiased, without concentrating too much on which form of racism applies to him the most, which would be racism towards African Americans. He makes a case that there is also racism towards Caucasian Americans, which is not usually thought of when dealing with prejudice amongst groups of ethnicities. By doing this, Obama really shows that he is presenting his concerns equally, and is no way biased towards a certain group or race in his speech. Obama talks about different types of experiences of racism in his life that many other young African American men and woman might have also experienced. And since he has such a rich cultural family, with many different ethnicities, he makes his life relatable to almost every race in America. The points he uses in his speech are both realistic and appropriate towards the audience that he is addressing, which are the voters of America. Obama had a very valid point which I think intrigued many people, when he spoke of his family situation. He explained his family background and all the different ethnicities that were intertwined within his family tree, including his white grandmother. Just like any other grandson, he loved his grandmother and she loved him no matter what her views on racism were. By presenting this background Obama made it clear that race was no boundary when it came to family life, so why could this not be the case between associates in every day life. I think this story of his grandmother is one of the most vital points in the speech. Most everyone in the audience can relate because mostly everyone in the audience would probably of had a grandmother that they loved as Obama did. Out of everyone in the audience who had a grandmother, I would almost guarantee they would love the same even if they were a different color or race, which is the point Obama is trying to make here. While Obama was giving this speech he had a very distinct tone, which I think was made known to everyone who had heard it. Listening to the speech, I couldn’t help but think of his tone as sad and disappointed. Also I think it was clear that Obama was very disappointed when it came to his feelings regarding his very own Reverend Jeremiah Wright, and rightly so. When talking about active racism going on in a country like America today, there should be no feelings other than disgust and disappointment. I believe that it didn’t take long for the audience to pick up on Obama’s tone for the speech, and henceforth this tone set the stage for the rest of the speech. Obama used his tone to his advantage when speaking and, really helped him make a more emotional speech when talking to his audience. Obama used various different tones and examples when giving his speech to the American people. The reason he did this, was to try to connect with all the different types of audiences he was addressing. Obviously he was addressing the American people, but there are many sub groups within the American people. Obama made sure to speak of racism toward African Americans, as well as other ethnicities, including Caucasian, to eliminate any bias there was when giving the speech as an African American male. Doing this was very important when giving this speech, because if all the different different audiences weren’t addressed, it would automatically be assumed that this African American man, was speaking towards his race only, and therefore isn’t taking into account the rest of the American people. If the audience would of reacted to this speech, I would assume they would think that Obama is not only an unfit candidate for president, but a morally challenged American as well. Obama’s â€Å"A More Perfect Union Speech†, was not just a speech, but a message to all of the American people that we will not succumb to racism today, as we had in the past. By addressing America in this way, I think he gained a lot of respect from people that otherwise wouldn’t have even considered voting for him in his presidential campaign. In his speech he brings up many concerns that we had as a country, and I think that he addressed those concerns as well as anybody could of. Obama presented a lot of valid points, and showed to America that he had many insightful experiences that qualified him to be a successful leader in a country such as the United States. â€Å"A More Perfect Union†, really set the stage for the new movement against racism, by giving this speech Obama changed the view of many Americans’ on the subject of racism, and I think that is exactly what Americans needed to realize.

India: A Socialist, Secular and Democratic Country Essay

SOCIALIST The word socialist was added to the Preamble by the 42nd amendment act of 1976, during the Emergency. It implies social and economic equality. Social equality in this context means the absence of discrimination on the grounds only of caste, colour, creed, sex, religion, or language. Under social equality, everyone has equal status and opportunities. Economic equality in this context means that the government will endeavor to make the distribution of wealth more equal and provide a decent standard of living for all. This is in effect emphasizing a commitment towards the formation of a welfare state. India has adopted a mixed economy and the government has framed many laws to achieve the aim. SECULAR The word secular was inserted into the Preamble by the 42nd amendment act of 1976, during the Emergency. It implies equality of all religions and religious tolerance. India, therefore does not have an official state religion. Every person has the right to preach, practice and propagate any religion they choose. The government must not favour or discriminate against any religion. It must treat all religions with equal respect. All citizens, irrespective of their religious beliefs are equal in the eyes of law. No religious instruction is imparted in government or government-aided schools. Nevertheless, general information about all established world religions is imparted as part of the course in Sociology, without giving any importance to any one religion or the others. The content presents the basic/fundamental information with regards to the fundamental beliefs, social values and main practices and fesitivals of each established world religions. The Supreme Court in S.R Bommai v. Union of India held that secularism was an integral part of the basic structure of the constitution. DEMOCRATIC India is a democracy. The people of India elect their governments at all levels (Union, State and local) by a system of universal adult franchise; popularly known as ‘One man.

The Meaning of Tenir in French and How to Use the Verb

The Meaning of Tenir in French and How to Use the Verb Tenir is an irregular verb ending in -ir and usually means to hold or to keep. Tenir has a number of other meanings, including some which depend on the preposition that follows. Its used in a number of French expressions. Meanings of Tenir Tenir usually means to hold or to keep: Quest-ce quil tient la main?  Translation: What is he holding in his hand?Je dois tenir les enfants par la main. Translation: I need to hold the kids hands.Tenez les yeux fermà ©s. Translation: Keep your eyes closed.Il faut tenir cette affiche en place. Translation: You need to hold this poster in place. Additional Meanings To have/keep under control: Vous tenez bien votre classe.Translation: You have your class under control. To run/manage (a business): Qui tient le magasin?Translation: Whos running the store? To organize (an event): Le comità © tient une sà ©ance chaque mois.Translation: The committee holds a meeting every month. To handle, be able to accept: Elle ne tient pas lalcool. (informal)Translation: She cant hold her liquor. To keep: Je tiens toujours mes promesses.I always keep my promises. To take up, fulfill: Cette table tient trop de place.Translation: This table takes up too much room Tenir Tenir may be followed by a noun, an infinitive, or a clause. When followed by a noun, it means either to value, care about, be attached to or to be due to, stem from: Je ne tiens pas son opinion. Translation: I dont care about his opinion. quoi tient son succà ¨s? Translation: What is the secret of his success? When followed by an infinitive or ce que subjunctive, tenir means to be anxious/eager: Je tiens vous remercier. Translation: Im eager to thank you.Il tient ce que tu sois laise. Translation: Hes anxious for you to feel comfortable. Tenir can also be used to mean to depend on - most commonly with ne___ qu: Cela ne tient qu toi de choisir. Translation: Its up to you to choose. The choice depends (only) on you.Cela ne tient pas qu moi. Translation: It doesnt depend on me alone. Tenir de Tenir de means to take after/resemble, to have to do with: Elle tient de sa mà ¨re. Translation: She takes after her mother.Cela tient du miracle. Translation: That seems like a miracle, Theres something miraculous about that. Se Tenir Reflexively, tenir means to hold (oneself), to be in a position, or to behave: Pourquoi se tient-il la jambe? Translation: Why is he holding his leg?Je me tenais par une main. Translation: I held myself (up) with one hand.Tu dois te tenir debout. Translation: You have to stand up.Nous nous tenons prà ªts partir. Translation: Were prepared to leave.Elle se tient bien. Translation: Shes well-behaved.Tiens-toi tranquille! Translation: Behave yourself! Be quiet! Se tenir can also be used intransitively with many of the meanings in the first section (to hold a meeting, to be connected, etc) Present Tense Conjugations je tienstu  tiensil tientnous  tenonsvous  tenezï » ¿ils  tiennent